Inclusive Language Style Guide (2023)

Custom entries within the UB Style Guide that reflect UB’s values. Our house style takes precedence in all written communications.

Chicano, Hispanic, Latino and related terms

This entry consists of umbrella terms for people living in the U.S. whose ethnic origin is a Spanish-speaking country and/or who are of Latin American descent. While there is overlap among these terms, they each have distinct meanings, and usage should depend to a large extent on the preferences of individuals. Please read the full entry before using any of the termsbelow.

Chicano/Chicana (noun/adj.) refers to Mexican Americans living in the U.S. Chicana is the feminine form. The plural Chicanos refers to groups of males or of mixed gender; Chicanas refers to groups of females.

Hispanic (noun/adj.) refers to people living in the U.S. whose ethnic origin is a Spanish-speaking country, including Spain.

(Video) Inclusive Language Guide

Latino/Latina (noun/adj.) refers to people of Latin American descent who live in the U.S. Latin America includes Mexico, Central America, South America and certain Caribbean islands. Latina is the feminine form. The plural Latinos refers to groups of males or of mixed gender; Latinas refers to groups of females. Some use the term Latino/a (plural Latinos/as) or Latina/o (plural Latinas/os).

Afro- is a prefix used to acknowledge a subject’s African ancestry when that is the preference of the subject. It can be used together with an umbrella term (e.g., Afro-Latina, Afro-Chicanx) or in combination with a specific nationality (e.g., Afro-Cuban, Afro-Brazilian).

Chicana/o/x, Chicanx, Latina/o/x, Latine, Latinidad, Latinx (not a complete list) are gender-neutral or gender-inclusive forms of the above. Plural forms are Chicanas/os/xs, Chicanxs, Latinas/os/xs, Latines, Latinidades, Latinxs.

All of these terms have complex and often political histories and implications, requiring an extra level of sensitivity when using them. When possible, and unless otherwise preferred by the subject, use specific terminology (e.g., Puerto Rican, Peruvian American, etc.) instead of an umbrella term. If you’re using an umbrella term, the subject’s preference should be the main driver; you should never substitute a subject’s preferred term with one that you believe is more current or politically correct.

When it is not possible to obtain a subject’s preference, there are people of multiple ethnicities within a group, and/or there is no clear subject, our preference is Latinx, because it is gaining traction as an emerging umbrella term, or Latina/o/x, because it is gender-inclusive without being gender-blind. However, another term may be more appropriate given a particular context and/or audience. We advise you to use your judgment.

They, them, their as a singular/gender-neutral pronoun

Use “they/them/their” as a singular pronoun in the following cases:

  • When referring to a person who prefers “they” as a personal pronoun.I’ll attend Michelle’s talk if they send me an invitation.
  • When used with a singular antecedent like “everyone,” though in a plural sense.Everyone thinks their own children are special.
  • When used to describe a hypothetical individual.A good boss doesn’t hide out in their office all day.
  • When used to describe a real but unnamed individual whose pronouns are unknown.The student who was supposed to kick off the meeting forgot their notes.

In the above cases, rewording in order to avoid the singular, gender-neutral “they” (which some style guides, including the main AP Stylebook, recommend) is not only unnecessary; it fails to reflect current language trends and the increasing recognition that “he” and “she” cannot cover the full range of persons. Furthermore, the singular “they” is deeply rooted in the English language and is currently gaining widespread acceptance in everyday speech—as well as in several style guides—as the preferred pronoun for promoting inclusion and respect for all.

However, when referring to a real and named person whose gender pronouns are unknown, it is preferable to reword if possible. Until “they” is universally accepted as a singular/gender-neutral pronoun, using it in this case may invite unnecessary (or unwarranted) assumptions.

(Video) Gender-inclusive Language - How to avoid sexism

Original:Lea Goldman’s resume is impressive. I’m going to schedule an interview with them for the writing job.

Reworded:Lea Goldman’s resume is impressive. I’m going to schedule an interview with this candidate for the writing job.

In all cases, the singular, gender-neutral “they” takes a plural verb (“they are”), analogous to the use of “you are” when referring to an individual. Similarly, the reflexive form of the pronoun is “themself,” analogous to the use of “yourself” when “you” is used as a singular pronoun.

View the AP Stylebook entry on they, them, their as gender-neutral pronouns.

  1. Singular They Continues to be the Focus of Language Change
  2. Singular ‘they’ and novel pronouns: gender-neutral, nonbinary, or both?
  3. Singular “They” Now Endorsed by MLA
  4. A brief history of singular ‘they’
  5. Words We’re Watching: Singular 'They'
  6. Does Traditional Grammar Matter When It Comes To Singular “They” And “Themself”?
  7. Welcome, singular “they”
  8. People Have Invented More Than 200 Gender-Neutral Pronouns. Here's Why 'They' Is Here to Stay
  9. This Is Why Singular ‘They’ Is Such a Controversial Subject
  10. SINGULAR THEY: Nonbinary Language in the Historical Community
  11. Stylebooks finally embrace the single ‘they’
  12. Call Them What They Wants
  13. We Should All Use They/Them Pronouns
  14. “Actually, we should not all use they/them pronouns”
  15. Dictionary.com 2020 update to “they” entry (scroll down for “Usage note for ‘They’”)
  16. Asking everyone their preferred personal pronoun is not a good idea, argues Rachel N. Levin.
  17. MLA guidance with specific examples for references to a hypothetical or anonymous person
  18. Article on 2019 APA update to use “they” in reference to a hypothetical person
  19. Indiana University Bloomington Academic Style Guides on the Singular Pronoun 'They'
  20. Purdue Online Writing Lab: Gendered Pronouns & Singular “They” What is a pronoun? Why do people use different ones? Why are he and she not enough?
  21. Chicago Manual of Style
  22. Dictionary.com
  23. Princeton University
  24. Fordham University
  25. Brown University
  26. LaScotte, D. K. (2016). Singular they: An empirical study of generic pronoun use. American Speech, 91(1), 62-80.

Class levels

first-year. Use first-year to describe students in their first academic year, i.e., in their first or second semester of college.

Avoid the term freshman (pl. freshmen), as it is not gender-inclusive and does not reflect the diversity of the student population in its allusion to traditional “fresh out of high school” college students. However, if an abrupt switch will cause confusion in your communications, you may include the term in parenthesis on a transitional basis. The deadline for first-year students (freshmen) to sign up for housing is approaching.

Do not use first-year to refer to transfer students who are new to UB but in their second or subsequent academic year. Instead, use “new,” which refers to any student who is new to UB regardless of their academic year. All new students are invited to the Get To Know UB ice cream social. You can use first-year transfer student to refer to transfer students in their first year of college.

Hyphenate first-year when it precedes the noun it is modifying. A large group of first-year students showed up early for the pregame concert. Do not hyphenate when it follows the noun: A large group of students, all first year, showed up early for the pregame concert. An exception is if you are using first-year as a noun, an acceptable usage in informal contexts: A large group of students, all first-years, showed up early for the pregame concert.

Although not required, it is acceptable to use second-year, third-year, fourth-year, etc., in lieu of the traditional sophomore, junior and senior.

upper-year/upper-division/upper-level. Use upper-year, upper-division or upper-level to describe students in their second or subsequent academic year. Program leaders are upper-year students who are committed to mentoring first-year students. You may also use upper-year/upper-division/upper-level to describe students in their third or subsequent academic year, in which case you may use lower-year/lower-division/lower-level to describe first- and second-year students. These terms can also be used to describe courses. When using any of these terms, be careful to provide clarity as to the range of years included.

Avoid the following terms, as they are not gender-inclusive: upperclassmen, lowerclassmen, underclassmen. However, if an abrupt switch will cause confusion in your communications, you may include in parenthesis on a transitional basis. This seminar is for upper-division students (upperclassmen) only. Never use the following terms, as they can easily be misconstrued to indicate socioeconomic status: lowerclass students, underclass students, upperclass students.

Hyphenate each of these terms if it precedes the noun it is modifying. A large group of upper-level students showed up early for the pregame concert. Do not hyphenate when it follows the noun: A large group of students, all upper level, showed up early for the pregame concert.

(Video) Comedian on Oxfam inclusive language guide

Degree designations

doctor

Our preferred style is to avoid the courtesy title Dr. for both medical doctors and PhDs. However, you can use it in first reference if doing so could serve to counter any negative assumptions about a person’s educational qualifications, although our preference in this situation is to include the person’s degree instead. In either case, be consistent throughout the communication re: others. See academic degrees. (For guidance on other courtesy titles, see courtesy titles.)

academic degrees

In general, it is preferable to indicate a person’s title rather than their degree(s). For example: Fatima Khan, assistant professor of molecular biology, is a prolific researcher. (Note: The term professor on its own should be used only for a full professor.)

However, it is acceptable to indicate a person’s terminal degree following their name in direct quotes, in professional directories, in press releases, and in cases where doing so could serve to counter any negative assumptions about a person’s educational qualifications. Whenever a decision is made to use degree information for one individual, be consistent throughout the communication re: others.

Abbreviations are preferred when referencing degrees. Use abbreviations only after a full name—never after just a last name—and do not use punctuation: BS, EdM, MBA, PhD. Use only in first reference, and set the degree off by commas: John Snow, PhD, spoke. Do not use both a courtesy title before a name and an academic degree after the name in the same reference.

References to a person’s degree are also acceptable when pertinent to a story line in an article or profile. In this case, it is preferable to write out the degree after the name and include the person’s specialty. Candace Kim, who holds a doctorate in behavioral sciences, led the study. (Note: In this case, it is not necessary to be consistent re: others mentioned in the article). Use an apostrophe in bachelor’s degree, a master’s, etc., but not in associate degree and never in the formal degree name; it’s Bachelor of Arts, Master of Science, etc.

The rule for alumni publications is to include only UB degrees, always as abbreviations, in combination with the year received. For example: Valentina Hernández (BA ’93) recently published a book. In instances where alumni have two UB degrees, use a comma to separate the degrees. In instances where alumni have three or more UB degrees, use commas to separate the first two degrees and an ampersand to separate the second-last and last degree. List degrees in chronological or reverse chronological order, staying consistent within a publication: Valentina Hernández (BA ’93, MSW ’00 & PhD ’03) recently published a book; or Valentina Hernández (PhD ’03, MSW ’00 & BA ’93) recently published a book. In all cases, the degree precedes the year it was awarded.

(Video) Inclusive Language | Camelia Bui | TEDxYouth@SSIS

Community Engagement

Use community engagement to describe UB’s partnership with local communities to enrich the student experience and to contribute to stronger and healthier communities across Western New York. Unlike the term community relations, which should be avoided, community engagement implies that we are equal partners in the work of lifting up our communities and attaining equity and social justice across the region.

(Video) How language shapes the way we think | Lera Boroditsky

FAQs

Inclusive Language Style Guide? ›

Avoid words and phrases that indicate gender bias, such as irrelevant descriptions of appearance. Use descriptors of gender identity or sexual orientation as modifiers, not as nouns (for example, transgender person, cisgender person, or lesbian woman). Avoid guessing sex, gender identity, or sexual orientation.

What is an inclusive language guide? ›

The Inclusive Language Guide is a resource to support people in our sector who have to communicate in English to think about how the way they write can subvert or inadvertently reinforce intersecting forms of inequality that we work to end.

What are the 4 criteria for inclusive language? ›

The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) in its Guidelines for Inclusive Language, defines inclusive language as “language that acknowledges diversity, conveys respect to all people, is sensitive to differences, and promotes equal opportunities.”

How do you write an inclusive language guide? ›

Use person-first or identity-first language as is appropriate for the community or person being discussed. The language used should be selected with the understanding that disabled people's expressed preferences regarding identification supersede matters of style. Avoid terms that are condescending or patronizing.

What are 2 examples of inclusive language? ›

Examples of Inclusive Language
  • Using the culturally appropriate and correct language when referring to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
  • Using gendered language only when necessary, and always asking for preferred pronouns and using them.
  • Not referencing age unless absolutely necessary.
Aug 15, 2022

What not to say in inclusive language? ›

These reflect the principles of inclusive language: use gender-neutral terms; avoid ableist language; focus on people not disabilities or circumstances; avoid generalizations about people, regions, cultures and countries; and avoid slang, idioms, metaphors and other words with layers of meaning and a negative history.

What are the 3 C's of inclusive? ›

The 3 Cs Inclusive Practices Model – Culture, Collaboration, and Coaching.

What are the three key elements of inclusive practices? ›

Best practice in inclusive education requires access to and implementation of three major components: academic inclusion, social inclusion, physical inclusion.

What are the three defining features of inclusive? ›

The defining features of inclusion that can be used to identify high quality early childhood programs and services are access, participation, and supports.”

Why do we need inclusive language guide? ›

Inclusive language can help to promote and embed equality, diversity and inclusion. We need to practice empathy and consider the impact of the words and phrases we use on the experience of others. Everyone has different individual personal preferences about language and identity.

What does inclusive instruction look like? ›

An inclusive classroom is a general education classroom where students with and without learning differences learn together. Inclusive classrooms are welcoming and support the diverse academic, social, emotional, and communication needs of all students.

What is inclusive style of writing? ›

Inclusive writing is accessible and welcoming to everyone. It avoids using words, expressions or assumptions that could exclude or offend anyone.

What are examples of sentences with inclusive? ›

A standard double room is 278 a night inclusive of breakfast and dinner. I've gone to great lengths to be inclusive of all viewpoints. You have to be inclusive of everybody. 4,790 for a three-night stay, inclusive of flights.

What is inclusive example? ›

Being inclusive means that you act based on the belief that everyone has inalienable rights. For example, people have the right to: Express themselves without being penalised for certain differences. Choose an occupation and engage in work that pays a competitive wage and allows them to use their abilities.

How do you use inclusive language in the classroom? ›

Using gendered language such as “girls and boys”, “ladies and gentlemen” can be alienating for gender non-conforming and gender diverse students. Avoid this by using vocabulary such as “students”, “class”, “crew”, “everyone”, “people” or “year X”, which is more inclusive.

What is an example of inclusive in the classroom? ›

Examples of Inclusion in the Classroom
  • All students can access the curriculum through differing strategies and methods.
  • Multiple ways of learning through various presentation models.
  • Various assessment types to showcase understanding.
  • Multiple teachers helping to create content and aide students.

What are the rules of inclusive communication? ›

Inclusive language acknowledges diversity, demonstrates respect and promotes equitable opportunities for everyone. Inclusive language should not demean, insult or exclude people based on race, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, disability, religion, age, or immigration or veteran status.

What are the 7 pillars of inclusion? ›

The seven pillars are:
  • Access.
  • Attitude.
  • Choice.
  • Partnerships.
  • Communication.
  • Policy.
  • Opportunities.

What are the six signature traits of inclusion? ›

Six signature traits of inclusive leadership
  • Cognizance. ...
  • Curiosity. ...
  • Courage. ...
  • Cultural intelligence. ...
  • Commitment. ...
  • Collaboration.
Feb 4, 2022

What are the 5 barrier to inclusion? ›

There are seven barriers to Inclusive Education: Attitudinal Barriers, Physical Barriers, Inappropriate Curriculum, Untrained Teachers, Inadequate Funding, Poor Organization of the education system, and Policies as barriers.

What is the 3 D model of inclusion? ›

The three dimensions of the framework are: Recognize, respect, and design for human uniqueness and variability. Use inclusive, open & transparent processes, and co-design with people who have a diversity of perspectives, including people that can't use or have difficulty using the current designs.

What are 3 strategies for inclusive communication? ›

When speaking, face the light and look directly at the person, keeping your hands away from your mouth. Avoid smoking or chewing gun during conversations. Use short simple sentences and avoid writing and speaking at the same time. Be especially patient when talking with a person with a speech impairment.

What top 3 actions would create a more inclusive culture? ›

To get you started, here are some strategies to promote inclusiveness of culture:
  • Use inclusive language. ...
  • Create safe spaces for your employees. ...
  • Be open to employees' feedback. ...
  • Expand the company holiday calendar (include holidays that represent different religious beliefs) ...
  • Provide diversity training for everyone.
Sep 19, 2022

What are the basic elements of inclusive? ›

They identified 4 key principles that are common to both inclusion and best practice:
  • Instructional practices. Both the inclusion and best practices models highlight the importance of instructional practices. ...
  • Student and staff supports. ...
  • Multi-disciplinary, multi-site collaboration. ...
  • Family involvement.

What are the three dimensions of inclusive? ›

Inclusive education is approached from three dimensions: the creation of inclusive cultures, the production of inclusive policies, and the development of inclusive practices.

What are the three foundational values of an inclusive culture? ›

Employees are treated with respect. Employees are valued for their strengths. Leaders do what is right.

Is inclusive language a technique? ›

Inclusive language aims to directly address the reader, either personally or as a member of a shared group. This involves using such words as us, we, you, our. Example text: It is time for us to show our belief in the value of mateship and a fair go, and give generously to the Good Friday Appeal.

What is the inclusive language for poor people? ›

So try using “people experiencing homelessness” or “people living in the streets” instead of “the homeless,” “a person living below the poverty line” instead of “the poor,” “people who use drugs” instead of “drug users.”

How do I make my classroom inclusive? ›

To create an inclusive classroom for your students, try integrating these strategies.
  1. Elevate Your Curriculum. ...
  2. Use Inclusive Language. ...
  3. Create and Enforce Class Values and Behavior Standards. ...
  4. Create Space for Students to Practice Empathy. ...
  5. Focus on Global Competence. ...
  6. Avoid Making Assumptions Based on Stereotypes.
Feb 2, 2022

What is inclusive teaching methods? ›

“Inclusive teaching involves deliberately cultivating a learning environment where all students are treated equitably, have equal access to learning, and feel valued and supported in their learning.

What is the best example of inclusive design? ›

Inclusive design products are accessible to as many users as possible without requiring disabled persons to buy a special model. Some examples include smartphones, automatic doors, large-grip kitchen utensils, e-readers with adjustable print sizes, and everyday voice assistants.

What are the four 4 writing styles? ›

The four main types of writing styles are persuasive, narrative, expository, and descriptive. In this blog post, we'll briefly explore the defining features of these four writing styles. For more help using these writing styles, schedule an appointment at the GWC!

What is all-inclusive words? ›

all-inclusive
  • extensive.
  • blanket.
  • broad.
  • complete.
  • encompassing.
  • total.

How do you make a sentence more inclusive? ›

How to Make Your Writing More Inclusive
  1. Use Person-First Language.
  2. Just the (Relevant) Facts, Please.
  3. Avoid Words that Have Gender Pairs.
  4. Address People as People, not as Demographics.
  5. Be Current When Writing about Race, Culture, and Gender.
  6. Closing Thoughts.
  7. Sarah P.
Jan 20, 2020

What is an inclusive statement? ›

A diversity and inclusion statement demonstrates a company's commitment to building an inclusive, varied workplace welcoming to people of all backgrounds. Much like a mission and values statement, the diversity and inclusion statement is, ideally, more than just a marketing exercise.

What are examples of inclusive language in healthcare? ›

Other examples include using “person with a disability” rather than “disabled person” and “person living with diabetes” instead of “diabetes patient” and avoiding “suffers from” when referring to people with chronic diseases.

What is the inclusive language guide for Neurodiversity? ›

When we use inclusive language, we show respect and understanding for all individuals regardless of their intellectual disabilities, sexual orientation, gender, race, or neurodiversity. We acknowledge that everyone has unique strengths and challenges.

What is a language guide? ›

Language Guide hopes to help eliminate economic barriers to computer assisted language learning, which promises to revolutionize language learning, promote cultural understanding, and reduce excessive identification with a particular culture or county. It is a registered non-profit organization.

What is inclusive language in healthcare? ›

Valuing, respecting, and affirming an individual's identity contribute to improved health outcomes, and the language used to communicate with individuals about themselves and their communities plays a critical role in affirming identity.

Why is inclusive language important in healthcare? ›

To feel safe and capable, people need healthcare environments that are free from stigma, bias, and discrimination. In that way, inclusive language plays a key role in helping to make healthcare settings physically, emotionally and psychologically safe places where people can do well, consistently.

Which of the examples is a example of inclusive design? ›

Installing gender-neutral restrooms provides an inclusive space where people don't need to label their gender and choose based on it.

How do you demonstrate inclusion in healthcare? ›

Encourage training and development: Don't overlook formal training. Training and development programs can educate staff about recognizing unconscious biases to challenge assumptions. Create development opportunities for women and minorities: Women and minorities receive fewer assignments that can spur career growth.

What is inclusive language in medical education? ›

It's language that makes people feel included—language that doesn't discriminate based on a person's race or ethnicity, sexuality, gender, age, ability, or socioeconomic status.

How to make the workplace more inclusive for neurodivergent? ›

How to Build a Neurodivergent-Inclusive Workplace
  1. — Offer Workplace Accommodations.
  2. — Use Clear Communication.
  3. — Recognize Individual Differences.
  4. — Provide Training.

What is mental illness inclusive language? ›

A key to fighting the stigma around mental illness is to use inclusive language. This is also known as person-first language and de-stigmatizing language. It conveys that someone is not defined by their condition. How you speak about mental health should reflect that.

What are the five guidelines of language? ›

Characteristics of Effective Language
  • Concrete and Specific Language. Concrete language includes descriptions which create tangible images with details the reader can visualize. ...
  • Concise Language. ...
  • Familiar Language. ...
  • Precise and Clear Language. ...
  • Constructive Language.

What are the 4 language views? ›

There are four basic aspects of language that have been studied: phonology, syn- tax, semantics, and pragmatics. Phonology is the study of the sounds of a language.

What is the equitable language guide? ›

Equitable language means not only using (and avoiding) particular words but paying attention to whom you write about, how you tell their stories, whose points of view are included and whose are absent — whose voices are amplified and whose perspective is assumed.

What language is gender binary? ›

Hebrew—as well as French, Spanish, Italian, Arabic, and other languages—uses binary pronouns, which means that gender identities outside of he/she and male/female don't exist in any formal capacity. In Hebrew, even the word “they” is gendered.

What is the gender-neutral word for man and woman? ›

Others argue that “they” should be adopted as English's standard third-person, gender-neutral pronoun in all writing and speaking contexts. “They” is the most respectful way to be mindful of those of all genders.

What is a gender neutral term? ›

Gender-neutral language is a generic term covering the use of non-sexist language, inclusive language or gender-fair language. The purpose of gender-neutral language is to avoid word choices which may be interpreted as biased, discriminatory or demeaning by implying that one sex or social gender is the norm.

Videos

1. Oxfam Under Fire For 92-page “Inclusive” Language Guide: “It’s An Attack On The UK”
(TalkTV)
2. The hidden power of inclusive language | Dr. Suzanne Wertheim | TEDxSantaBarbaraSalon
(TEDx Talks)
3. Why inclusive language is so important! | Personal Politics | Episode 04
(CBC)
4. INCLUSIVE CONTENT: How to Defy STEREOTYPES & Engage DIVERSE AUDIENCES
(Kateryna Abrosymova)
5. Inclusive Language
(Virtual High School)
6. Inclusive language: il linguaggio dei brand influenza il mondo (e viceversa) | Rinascita Digitale
(Rinascita Digitale)

References

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